Class Aves. Warm blooded, egg laying, vertebrate animals Warm Up Activity: Bird Bingo Evolved from Reptiles! (150-200 million years ago) from the theropod dinosaurs in the Jurassic period Differences/similarties Reptiles-cold blooded, lay egges Birds-warm blooded, lay eggs, like reptiles extract pee as uric acid mixed with solid waste (no separate urinary bladder/openning
Bird Anatomy Sight- all birds have fabulous sight- including ultraviolet vision! Bird song- When a bird inhales, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lung and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation.[37] Sound production is achieved using the syrinx, a muscular chamber with several tympanic membranes, situated at the lower end of the trachea where it bifurcates.
Bills- No teeth! crop for storage and a gizzard that contains swallowed stones for grinding food, given the lack of teeth.
Various feeding strategies are used by birds. Gleaning for insects, invertebrates, fruit and seeds is used by many species.[citation needed] Sallying from a branch and flycatching for insects is used by many songbirds.[citation needed] Nectar feeders such as hummingbirds,[68] lorikeets,[citation needed] sunbirds,[69] honeyeaters[citation needed] and some other songbirds[citation needed] is facilitated by specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit co-adapted flowers.[70] Probing for invertebrates is used by kiwis[citation needed] and shorebirds[citation needed] with long bills; in the case of shorebirds length of bill and feeding method are associated with niche separation.[28] [71] Pursuit diving is used by falcons and accipiters in the air,[citation needed] and by loons, diving ducks and penguins in the water.[citation needed] Plunge diving is used by sulids, kingfishers and terns.[citation needed] Three species of prion, the flamingos and some ducks are filter feeders.[72] [73] Geese and dabbling ducks are primarily grazers. Some species will engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds; frigatebirds, gulls,[74] and skuas [75] employ this type of feeding behaviour. Kleptoparasitism is not thought to play a significant part of the diet of any species, and is instead a supplement to food obtained by hunting; a study of Great Frigatebirds stealing from Masked Boobies estimated that the frigatebirds could at most obtain 40% of the food they needed, and on average obtained only 5%.[76] Finally, some birds, such as gulls and vultures, are scavengers.[citation needed] Some birds may employ many strategies to obtain food, or feed on a variety of food items and are called generalists,[77] while others are considered specialists,[78] concentrating time and effort on specific food items or having a single strategy to obtain food.
Turkey Vulture Tails- Feathers- Hollow, Barbs, More Barbs Wings- Light but strong bones. White meat on Turkey/Chickens are the flight muscles- attaches to The ribs are flattened and the sternum is keeled for the attachment of flight muscles
Flight patterns Styles of flight Migration. Long distance annual flights Birds also display other types of migration. Some species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. These include irruptive species, which may be quite common some years and almost absent in others. [clarify] This type of migration is normally associated with food availability.[83] Boreal finches, arctic owls, and waxwings are most commonly identified as irruptive species.[citation needed] Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates.[84] Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds studied were partially migratory and 32% of passerines were.[85] Altitudinal migration is a form of short distance migration, in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes elevations, and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when the normal territories become inhospitable also due to lack of food.[86] Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability. Parrots as a family are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migration.[87] The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx Shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 kilometres (3,200 mi).[88] Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For diurnal migrants the sun is used to navigate by, at night a stellar compass is used instead. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day, by the use of an internal clock.[28] Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the constellations surrounding Polaris.[89] These are backed up in some species with the ability to sense the Earth's geomagnetism through specialised sensitive photoreceptors.[90] At night by stars! Magnetic field Other Cool behaviors:
What kinds of hazards await a migrating bird? Activity: Great Bird Migration and Hidden Hazards Quiz Review Activity: Jeop-Birdy
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