Early Pest control
- smoke (camping)
- Sumerians (5 K ago) sulfur
- Chinese (2.5 K ago) mercury, __________
- Greeks- oils, sprays, ash, lime
- Mexico, India- ________
- Chinese- (1.2 K ago) predatory ______ used for caterpillars
- ducks and _________ for insects
Today
chickens and guinea hens for ticks
pyrethrum (chrysanthemeum) spray- "safer" soap
_______ for slugs
parachuting in _____!
Synethic Pesticides
DDT- developed in 1939
- ________, stable
- highly solubile, used to kill mosquitos
- fast + powerful- one application= ___% control
- highly toxic- ________ spectrum (kills a wide diversity of insects)= Biocide
- thought to be harmless to humans now seen as environmental nightmare
- banned in 1970's when found to soften egg shells (Rachel ________, Silent Spring)
What IS that Home Depot smell?
- ____% of ALL the pesticides used in the world are used in North America!!! Aghh
- _________ dewellers put more chemicals on lawn and gardens than farmers/sq ft
- chemical poisons kill insects/weeds also birds, _____, wild animals
- makes humans sick- EPA ranks pesticides in food as the ______ most serious cancer risk
- chemical industry wants us to believe it is safe to use pesticides with reckless abandon
- 25 million farmers poisoned/yr
- More than _______ ingredients contained in pesticides are KNOWN to cause cancer in humans.... (WHAT?)
- long-term exposure can cause ___________ disorders in new generation
Classified by type of organisms it kills
Herbicide 59%
Insecticide 22%
Fungicides 11% (fruits and veg)
Rodenticide, etc...
Benefits: makes fruit _______, increases _______ supply
Classification of Pesticides on level of persistance/chemical structure
1. Chlorinated hydrocarbons- syntehetic organic insecticides- now _____________ in US
- ex. DDT
- inhibit nerve membranes ion transport and block nerve signal transmission
- highly _______
- long lasting: persistant 5-_____ yrs
- DDT makes egg shells weak: eagles, falcons, pelicons
- high biomagnification- _____ soluable, concentrated higher up
- DDT in Eskimos breast milk
2. Organophosphates- _____ pesticides today in US
- ex. malathion, parathion (EPA review)
- effects ________ system (outgrowth of nerve gas research in WWII)
- affected 10-100x more poisonous to mammals than chlorinated hydrocarbons
- esp. __________ affected.
- single drop can be _______ for adult
- lasts ______ time period: few hrs to few days
- _____ biomagnification
3. Inorganic pesticides
- ex. arsenic, copper, lead, mercury
- highly ______ and __________
- neurotoxins
4. Natural organic pesticides (botanicals) extracted from ________
5. Microbial agents and biological controls- living organisms used to kill insect pests
- parasitic ________, ________ bugs, Bt bacteria
Grasshopper effect- substances evaporate from warm regions and ____________ in colder regions, accumulating in great concentrations in top predators up north. ex. DDT in Eskimo breast milk (DDT is harmful even in small amounts to a developing baby)
Pesticide Treadmill- having to use stronger and stronger pesticides as pest ____________ evolve to withstand the higher dose/strength!
Safe Alternatives-
Intergrated Pest Management (IPM)- a flexible, _____________ based pest control strtegy that carefully applies techniques at specific times, intervals and aimed at specific pests
- crop ____________
- burning crop residues
- restoring wind __________, hedgerows and ground cover to allows bird to perch and eat insects from
- ______________ species can prevent losses from pests
- biologicial ____________!!
- sex lure traps (____________ beetles)
- use pesticides only when really _________
Delaney Clause, 1958, any cancer causing agent cannot be added to processed food, drugs or cosmetics. BUT, law has been revamped to say that you _____ add carcinogens if the risk is slight.
The Dirty Dozen: 12 foods to eat organic
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